IMPORTANT ARTICLES OF INDIAN CONSTITUTION

Indian Constitution when adopted by Constituent Assembly in 1949 had 395 articles and 22 parts. Many other articles and three other parts were added to it by subsequent constitutional amendments. As of now Indian constitution contains more than 444 articles in 25 parts.

Following is the list of important Article of the Constitution:

Article 1-4: Deals with the territory of India, formation of new states, alterations, names of existing states.

Article 5-11: Deals with various rights of citizenship.

Article 12-35: Deals with fundamental rights of Indian Citizen Abolition of untouchability and titles.

Articles 36-51: Deals with Directive Principles of State Policy.

Articles 51A: This part was added by 42nnd Amendment in 1976, which contains the fundamental duties of the citizens.

Articles 52-151: Deals with government at the centre level.

Articles 152-237: Deals with government at the state level.

Article 238: Deals with states.

Articles 239-241: Deals with Union Territories

Articles 242-243: It consists of two parts: (i) added by 73^rd amendment in 1992, which contains a new schedule. It contains 29 subjects related to Panchayati Raj, who have been given administrative powers.

(ii) It is added by 74^th amendment in 1992, which contains a new schedule. It contains 18 subjects relate to municipalities, who have been given administrative powers.

Articles 244-244A: Deals with scheduled and tribal areas.

Articles 245-263: Deals with the relationship between union and states.

Articles 264-300A: Deals with the distribution of revenue between union and states, appointment of Finance Commission etc.

Article 301-307: Deals with the trade, commerce and intercourse within the territory of India.

Article 308-323: Deals with UPSC and Public Services Commissions.

Article 323A, 323B:  Added by 42^nd Amendment in 1976. Deals with administrative tribunals set up by parliament to hear disputes and complaints regarding Union, states or local Government Employees.

Articles 324-329: Deals with election.

Articles 330-342: Deals with special provision for SCs and STs and Anglo-Indian Representatives.

Articles 343-351: Deals with official language of union and states.

Article 352-360: Deals with emergency provisions, President’s rule.

Articles 361-367: Deals with exemption of criminal proceedings for their official acts of president and governors.

Article 368: Deals with Amendment of constitution.

Article 369-392: Article 370 deals with special status to J&K.

Article 371A: Gives special provisions with respect to state of Nagaland.

Articles 393-395: Deals with the short title, commencement and repeal of the constitution.

LIST OF ALL PRESIDENTS OF INDIA

#	President	Date of birth	Date of inauguration	Age at inauguration	End of term	Length of retirement	Date of death	Lifespan
1	Rajendra Prasad	3 December 1884	26 January 1950	65 years, 54 days	13 May 1962	291 days	28 February 1963	28,575 days (78 years, 87 days)
2	Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan	5 September 1888	13 May 1962	73 years, 250 days	13 May 1967	2,896 days	17 April 1975	31,634 days (86 years, 224 days)
3	Zakir Hussain	8 February 1897	13 May 1967	70 years, 94 days	3 May 1969	N/A[1]	3 May 1969	26,381 days (72 years, 84 days)
4	V.V. Giri	10 August 1894	24 August 1969	75 years, 14 days	24 August 1974	2,130 days	23 June 1980	31,363 days (85 years, 318 days)
5	Fakhruddin Ahmed	13 May 1905	24 August 1974	69 years, 103 days	11 February 1977	N/A[1]	11 February 1977	26,207 days (71 years, 274 days)
6	Neelam Reddy	19 May 1913	25 July 1977	64 years, 67 days	25 July 1982	5,060 days	1 June 1996	30,329 days (83 years, 13 days)
7	Zail Singh	5 May 1916	25 July 1982	66 years, 81 days	25 July 1987	2,710 days	25 December 1994	28,723 days (78 years, 234 days)
8	Ramaswamy Venkataraman	4 December 1910	25 July 1987	76 years, 233 days	25 July 1992	6,030 days	27 January 2009	35,849 days (98 years, 54 days)
9	Shankar Dayal Sharma	19 August 1918	25 July 1992	73 years, 341 days	25 July 1997	884 days	26 December 1999	29,714 days (81 years, 129 days)
10	K.R. Narayanan	27 October 1920	25 July 1997	76 years, 271 days	25 July 2002	1,203 days	9 November 2005	31,059 days (85 years, 13 days)
11	A. P. J. Abdul Kalam	15 October 1931	25 July 2002	70 years, 283 days	25 July 2007	2,924 days	27 July 2015	30,601 days (83 years, 285 days)
12	Pratibha Patil	19 December 1934	25 July 2007	72 years, 218 days	25 July 2012	1,549 days		29,892 days (81 years, 307 days)
13	Pranab Mukherjee	11 December 1935	25 July 2012	76 years, 227 days	Incumbent	Incumbent		29,535 days (80 years, 315 days)

LIST OF ALL PRIME MINISTERS OF INDIA

Narendra Modi – 2014 till date

Manmohan Singh – 2004-14

Atal Bihari Vajpayee – 1998-2004

IK Gujral – 1997-98

HD Deve Gowda – 1996-97

AB Vajpayee – 1996

PV Narasimha Rao – 1991-96

Chandra Shekhar – 1990-91

VP Singh – 1989-90

Rajiv Gandhi – 1984-89

Indira Gandhi – 1980-84

Charan Singh – 1979-80

Morarji Desai – 1977-79

Indira Gandhi – 1966-77

Gulzarilal Nanda – 1966-66

Lal Bahadur Shastri – 1964-66

Gulzarilal Nanda – 1964

Jawaharlal Nehru – 1947-64

FACTS ABOUT INDIAN PARLIAMENT

The Parliament building was designed by Sir Edwin Lutyens and Sir Herbert Baker who were responsible for the overall construction and planning in Delhi.First foundation stone was laid on
12 February 1921.It took 6 years to complete and the whole project cost around Rs 83 lakh.



The Parliament library is the second largest in India. (FYI: The National Library in Kolkata is the largest)It was temporarily used as a courtroom by the Supreme Court after Independence till a separate building was assigned to it.


The unique circular structure of our parliament stands out from the other government buildings around the world, and is considered to be amongst the best architectural designs.The circular aspect out the Indian Parliament represents “continuity”.The first floor balcony has a total of 144 pillars.The whole circumference of the Parliament is 1/3rd of a mile (536.33 m).

Indian President Pranab Mukherjee’s office is in Room No. 13. Both Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha halls are horseshoe-shaped.There are a total of 6 lifts in the Parliament building.

A new state-of-the-art Parliament Library Building ( Sansadiya Gyanpeeth) is being constructed at present. The whole project is estimated to cost around INR 191 crore.

The Public Gallery of Lok Sabha is accessible to the general public provided they have prior permission and an official pass. For a visitor’s pass to Sansad Bhawan, one has to apply (yellow application form) to the Parliament Secretariat, Visitor’s Reception on Raisina Road by providing a letter of introduction from a Member of Parliament.

The walls and ceilings of the Parliament have been inscribed with noble passages that serve as guiding spirit for the two houses. The translated Sanskrit quotation at the entrance is as follows:
“Open the door to the people
And let us see thee
For the obtaining of the
sovereignty”.

. Lok Sabha carpet is green in color which represents that India is an Agriculture land and the people here are elected from grass root level, Rajya Sabha carpet is red in color which denotes royalty and also tells about the sacrifice done by the freedom fighters.
 
Voting in Parliament is done electronically for the questions asked, amendments, new bills etc. There is a voting console, a system with colored buttons, green for a Yes, Red for No and Yellow for abstain.

 Legislature or Parliament headed by President of India term - 6years (1/3 members retire every 2 years) term -5 years (automatically dissolved) Rajya Sabha (Upper House) Council of states Lok Sabha (Lower House) House of the People 238 members elected by state MLAs +12 nominated by President for contributions to art, literature, science services and social. 543 members elected by general population + 2 Anglo Indian elected by President of India. Speaker - Vice President (elected by both Lok and Rajya Sabha members) Speaker (elected by Lok Sabha Members) No Voting rights Except the decisive vote. 


Legislature or Parliament headed by President of India The first hour (i.e. between 11 to 12 noon) is known as the Question Hour. During this MPs put forward questions about the policies, government and different bills.. Around 12 noon MPs can discuss any important topic with prior notice to the Speaker. This is known as Zero Hour.Legislature or Parliament headed by President of India.

LIST OF MUGHAL EMPORERES

	Bābur	Zahir-ud-din Muhammad	23 February 1483	30 April 1526 – 26 December 1530	26 December 1530 (aged 47)
	Humayun	Nasir-ud-din Muhammad Humayun	17 March 1508	26 December 1530 – 17 May 1540 22 February 1555 - 27 January 1556	27 January 1556 (aged 48)	Hamayun was overthrown in 1540 by Sher Shah Suri of the Suri dynasty but returned to the throne in 1555 after the death of Islam Shah Suri (Sher Shah Suri's son and successor).
	Akbar-e-Azam	Jalal-ud-din Muhammad	14 October 1542	27 January 1556 – 27 October 1605	27 October 1605 (aged 63)
	Jahangir	Nur-ud-din Muhammad Salim	20 September 1569	15 October 1605 – 8 November 1627	8 November 1627 (aged 58)
	Shahryar	Salef-ud-din Mohammed Shahryar	16 January 1605	23 January 1628 (Aged 23)		Claimed the throne,but lost it within 3 hours
	Shah-Jahan-e-Azam	Shahab-ud-din Muhammad Khurram	5 January 1592	8 November 1627 – 2 August 1658	22 January 1666 (aged 74)	Built Taj Mahal
	Alamgir	Muhy-ud-din Muhammad Aurangzeb	4 November 1618	31 July 1658 – 3 March 1707	3 March 1707 (aged 88)
	Azam Shah	Abu'l Faaiz Qutb-ud-Din Muhammad Azam	28 June 1653	14 March 1707 – 8 June 1707	8 June 1707 (aged 53)
	Bahadur Shah	Qutb ud-Din Muhammad Mu'azzam	14 October 1643	19 June 1707 – 27 February 1712 (4 years, 253 days)	27 February 1712 (aged 68)	He made settlements with the Marathas, tranquilised the Rajputs, and became friendly with the Sikhs in the Punjab.
	Jahandar Shah	Ma'az-ud-Din Jahandar Shah Bahadur	9 May 1661	27 February 1712 – 11 February 1713 (0 years, 350 days)	12 February 1713 (aged 51)	Highly influenced by his Grand Vizier Zulfikar Khan.
	Farrukhsiyar	Farrukhsiyar	20 August 1685	11 January 1713 – 28 February 1719 (6 years, 48 days)	29 April 1719 (aged 33)	Granted a firman to the East India Company in 1717 granting them duty-free trading rights for Bengal, strengthening their posts on the east coast.
	Rafi ud-Darajat	Rafi ud-Darajat	30 November 1699	28 February – 6 June 1719 (0 years, 98 days)	9 June 1719 (aged 19)	Rise of Syed Brothers as power brokers.
	Shah Jahan II	Rafi ud-Daulah	June 1696	6 June 1719 – 19 September 1719 (0 years, 105 days)	19 September 1719 (aged 23)	----
	Muhammad Shah	Roshan Akhtar Bahadur	17 August 1702	27 September 1719 – 26 April 1748 (28 years, 212 days)	26 April 1748 (aged 45)	Got rid of the Syed Brothers. Fought a long war with the Marathas, losing Deccan and Malwa in the process. Suffered the invasion of Nader Shah of Persia in 1739. He was the last emperor to possess effective control over the empire.
	Ahmad Shah Bahadur	Ahmad Shah Bahadur	23 December 1725	26 April 1748 – 2 June 1754	1 January 1775 (aged 49)	Mughal forces defeated by the Marathas at the Battle of Sikandarabad.
	Alamgir II	Aziz-ud-din	6 June 1699	2 June 1754 – 29 November 1759 (5 years, 180 days)	29 November 1759 (aged 60)	Domination of Vizier Imad-ul-Mulk.
	Shah Jahan III	Muhi-ul-millat	1711	10 December 1759 – 10 October 1760	1772 (aged 60–61)	Consolidation of the Nizam of Bengal, Bihar, and Odisha, during the Battle of Buxar. Hyder Ali becomes Sultan of Mysore in 1761.
	Shah Alam II	Ali Gauhar	25 June 1728	24 December 1759 – 19 November 1806 (46 years, 330 days)	19 November 1806 (aged 78)	The death of Tipu Sultan of Mysore in 1799.
	Akbar Shah II	Mirza Akbar	22 April 1760	19 November 1806 – 28 September 1837	28 September 1837 (aged 77)	Titular figurehead under British protection.
	Bahadur Shah II	Abu Zafar Sirajuddin Muhammad Bahadur Shah Zafar	24 October 1775	28 September 1837 – 14 September 1857 (19 years, 351 days)	7 November 1862 (aged 87)	Last Mughal Emperor. Deposed by the British and exiled to Burma after the Indian Rebellion of 1857.

 

RULERS OF MARATHA EMPIRE

Maratha Empire

Maratha rulers

• Chhatrapati Shivaji Raje Bhonsle, (1630–1680), founder of the Maratha Empire (Hindvi Swarajya).

• Venkoji, Founder of the Thanjavur Kingdom, half-brother of Shivaji Maharaj.

• Chatrapati Sambhaji Maharaj, (1657–1689), son of Shivaji Maharaj; second Chhatrapati of Maratha Swarajya.

• Rajaram Chhatrapati, (1670–1700), second son of Shivaji Maharaj; third Chhatrapati of Maratha Swarajya.

• Maharani Tarabai Bhonsle (née Mohite) (1675–1761), hailed as Bhadrakali, ruled as regent for her young son, Shivaji II until 1707.

• Chhattrapati Shahu (1682–1749), fourth Chhatrapati of the Maratha Swarajya.

• Shivaji II, son of Rajaram and Tarabai, Queen Tarabai ruled the empire as regent for her young son.

• Sambhaji II, son of Rajaram Chhatrapati and Rajasbai. His mother deposed his half-brother Shivaji II in 1711 and instead made Sambhaji the ruler (Chhatrapati) of Bhonsle house of Kolhapur.

• Rajaram II, fifth Chhatrapati of the Maratha Empire.

• Raja Shahu II (1763–1808), Chhatrapati of the Maratha Empire, Satara until 1808.

Others notable Maratha Empire people

• Maloji Raje Bhonsle (1552–1606, 1620 or 1622), Jagirdar and General under the Ahmadnagar Sultanate, first Bhosale to receive the title of "Raje".

• Shahaji Raje Bhonsle (1594–1664), father of Shivaji Maharaj. Jagirdar and General under the Ahmadnagar Sultanate and Adilshahi.

• Jijabai Bhonsle (née Jadhav), (1598–1674), wife of Shahaji Raje Bhonsle and mother of Shivaji.

• Prataprao Gujar (–1674), Commander-in-chief, also known as Sarnobat.

• Tanaji Malusare (-1670) - Maratha Commander whose audacious tactics won the fort of Kondana back from the Mughals. Tanaji died during the raid. The fort was renamed Sinhagad in his honour

• Hambirrao Mohite (1640–1687), Commander-in-chief, also known as Sarnobat, who took the side of Sambhaji even though he was brother of Soyarabai and fought against Mughals.

• Santaji Ghorpade (1660–1696), one of the most trusted General of Rajaram Chhatrapati.

• Dhanaji Jadhav (1650[1]–1708), Commander-in-chief of Maratha forces under Rajaram and Tarabai, who led the fight against the Mughal Empire.

• Khanderao Dabhade ( –1729), Commander-in-chief who led the Marathas into Gujarat.

• Kanhoji Angre (1669–1729), Maratha Navy chief who was on the side of Maharani Tarabai and was later convinced by Balaji Vishwanath Bhat to come over Shahu's side.

• Mahadaji Shinde (1730–1792), Maratha ruler of the state of Gwalior in central India. De facto ruler of the Mughal empire in 1780s He was the fifth and youngest son of Sardar Ranoji Scindia.

LIST OF IMPORTANT BATTLE OF INDIAN HISTORY FROM 1000AD TO 1857AD

List of important battles fought in India from 1000AD up to 1857 AD.

 

 

 

• Battle of Tarain(First)(1191)

• Second Battle of Tarain(1192)

 

• Battle of Chandawar(1194)

 

• Battle of Panipat(21-April-1526)

 

• Battle of Khanwa(17-March-1527)

 

• Battle of Chanderi(1528)

 

• Battle of Ghagra or Gogara (6-May-1529)

 

• Battle of chausal (7-June-1539)

 

• Battle of Kanauj or Billgram (17-May-1540)

 

• Battle for Delhi (7 October 1556)

 

• Battle of Panipat(5-November-1556)

 

• Battle of Bannihatti or Tallikota(23-January-1565)

 

• Battle of Haldighati(1576)

• First Carnatic War(1745–48)

• Second Carnatic War(1749–54)

 

• Third Carnatic War(1756–63)

 

• Battle of Plassey(June-1757)

British Army under the command of Robert Clive fought with Bengal Nawab Siraz-ud-daula and British won and Mir Jafar was made Nawab. Siraz-ud-daula,while he was unarmed was killed mercilessly by Muhammad Beg,a person who was under his assylum.

Shams-ud-din-Iltutmish

Shams-ud-din Iltutmish(reigned:1211-1236) was successor of Qutb

-ud-din Aibak of Mamluk /Slave dynasty. He was the second ruler of Slave dynasty . He is said to be consolidater and founder of Delhi sultanate India.

 

 


Shams-ud-din-Iltutmish

Shams-ud-din belonged to Ilbari tribe of Turkestan. He was sold into slavery at an early age by his kinsmen to slave merchants. He was taken to a great slave market of  Bukhara and later to Ghazni,which was the Western capital of Ghurid empire of the time, where he was purchased by the court of sultan Mohammad Ghori . Earning some reputation in court, he was made the personal attendant of sultan Muhammad Ghori. The deputy and former slave, Qutub-ud-din-Aybak, then Viceroy of Lahore, sought to procure the slave, but sultan refused to sell his slaves to the nobles, finally it was decided to take Iltutmish to Delhi , and there bought by Aybak, so that sultan's order could  not be violated in his own capital. Aibak bought Iltutmish and another slave for the high price of 100,000 Tankas, the silver coin used in Muslim India. Iltutmish rose quickly in Aibak's service, earned the title Amir Tamghach, married Aibak's daughter, and served in succession as the Governor of Tabarind, Gwalior and Baran. In recognition of his services during the campaign of Muhammad Ghori  against the Khokhars in 1205-06, he was, by the Sultan's order, manumitted.

After the death of Aibak in 1210 while playing Polo match at Lahore, Muizzi amirs, who had been appointed by Muhammad Ghori, supported Aram Shah or Aram Baksh to succeed Aibak,but Qutbi amirs owing alligiance to Aibak invited illtutmish to claim his entitlement to throne. Aram Shah marched towards Delhi but was slain in battle at Bagh-i-Jud  leaving Iltutmish uncontested  in Delhi.

He made Delhi the capital of his empire. He sent expeditions against Rajput's in Ranthambore , Jalar and Mewar. His governing class was entirely of foreign origin ,it consisted of two groups Turkic slave officers and Tazik.He organized iqta's(taxes) ,the army and also the currency. He formed Turkan-i-Chalghani or Chalisa( a group of 40 powerful Turkish nobles)to suppress nobles.  He introduced silver coins"Tankas" and copper coins"jital".He concluded the construction of Qutub  Minar in 1231-1232. He saved Delhi Sultanate from the wrath of Chengiz Khan, a Mongal leader,by refusing shelter to Khawarism Shah,to whom khan was chasing. He patronized Minhaj-us-Siraj,who wrote 'Tabaqat-i-Nasiri'.

 

Qutb-Ud-Din Aibak and the origin of Slave Dynasty

Qutub ud-din Aibak  also known as  Qutb al-din Aibak or Qutub ud Din Aybak (1150-1210),was the founder of Slave/Mamulk Dynasty  of Delhi in India.He was  the founder of Turkic dominion in India.



Qutb-ud-Din Aibak

He was born in Turkistan(Central Asia) in Aybak tribe in 1150A.D. He was captured  in  his childhood by a slave trader and sold  to chief Qazi of Nishapur (a town in Northern Iran). He was treated well by Qazi like his own son. He was well raised  and imparted a proper education. He also mastered archery and Horsemanship in small age. Qazi’s compassion for Aibak was unacceptable to his sons. When his master(Qazi) died his son due to jealousy sold him to a slave trader who  subsequently sold him to The Sultan of Ghor also known as Muhammad Ghori . Gradually  Ghori  started realizing his potential and eventually he was made Amir-i-Akhur(master of stable).He become one of the trusted slaves of  Sultan Mohammad Ghori. He  also proved himself as an able commander and given the rank of military command by Ghori. . The conquest of Northern India were mainly executed by him. After winning second battle of Tarain(1192), Ghori returned to Khorasan and gave the charge of consolidation of Ghurid Conquest in Northwest India to Aibak. He established his hegemony over areas between ri ver Ganga and Yamuna.In 1195-1203A.D,he launched campaigns against strongholds of Rajput’s while his lieutenant Muhammad Bin Bakhtiyar Khilji subjugated Bihar and Bengal.Despite the rebellion’s like Taj-ud-Din Ildiss and Nasir-ud-Din Qubachah , he efficiently managed administrative system  established by Ghori.

 

 Ghori  had no sons so after his assassination In 1206A.D Aibak succeded him. He was still technically a slave but he quickly obtained Manumission(An act of being relieved as a slave) .Aibak spent part of his time in Delhi but he was very fond of Lahore city and did much to beautify it. In 1210 Aibak died in an accident while playing Polo. He fell down from his horse and got severely injured and was never recovered from it. He was buried in Lahore near Anarkali Bazaar.

 

 

 

He started the construction of Quwwat-ul-Islam mosque in Delhi  by breaking the temple made by Prithviraj Chauhan. Certain part of temple was kept intact outside the mosque. He also started the construction of Qutub Minar in memory of sufi saint  Qutubuddin Bakhtiyar Kaki,which he was not able to complete and were later completed by his successor Shamsuddin Iltutmish,another slave hence forth the slave Dynasty. These both were among the earliest Muslim monument in Delhi. He also built Adhai din ka Jhopra in Ajmer.