RULERS OF MARATHA EMPIRE

Maratha Empire

Maratha rulers

• Chhatrapati Shivaji Raje Bhonsle, (1630–1680), founder of the Maratha Empire (Hindvi Swarajya).

• Venkoji, Founder of the Thanjavur Kingdom, half-brother of Shivaji Maharaj.

• Chatrapati Sambhaji Maharaj, (1657–1689), son of Shivaji Maharaj; second Chhatrapati of Maratha Swarajya.

• Rajaram Chhatrapati, (1670–1700), second son of Shivaji Maharaj; third Chhatrapati of Maratha Swarajya.

• Maharani Tarabai Bhonsle (née Mohite) (1675–1761), hailed as Bhadrakali, ruled as regent for her young son, Shivaji II until 1707.

• Chhattrapati Shahu (1682–1749), fourth Chhatrapati of the Maratha Swarajya.

• Shivaji II, son of Rajaram and Tarabai, Queen Tarabai ruled the empire as regent for her young son.

• Sambhaji II, son of Rajaram Chhatrapati and Rajasbai. His mother deposed his half-brother Shivaji II in 1711 and instead made Sambhaji the ruler (Chhatrapati) of Bhonsle house of Kolhapur.

• Rajaram II, fifth Chhatrapati of the Maratha Empire.

• Raja Shahu II (1763–1808), Chhatrapati of the Maratha Empire, Satara until 1808.

Others notable Maratha Empire people

• Maloji Raje Bhonsle (1552–1606, 1620 or 1622), Jagirdar and General under the Ahmadnagar Sultanate, first Bhosale to receive the title of "Raje".

• Shahaji Raje Bhonsle (1594–1664), father of Shivaji Maharaj. Jagirdar and General under the Ahmadnagar Sultanate and Adilshahi.

• Jijabai Bhonsle (née Jadhav), (1598–1674), wife of Shahaji Raje Bhonsle and mother of Shivaji.

• Prataprao Gujar (–1674), Commander-in-chief, also known as Sarnobat.

• Tanaji Malusare (-1670) - Maratha Commander whose audacious tactics won the fort of Kondana back from the Mughals. Tanaji died during the raid. The fort was renamed Sinhagad in his honour

• Hambirrao Mohite (1640–1687), Commander-in-chief, also known as Sarnobat, who took the side of Sambhaji even though he was brother of Soyarabai and fought against Mughals.

• Santaji Ghorpade (1660–1696), one of the most trusted General of Rajaram Chhatrapati.

• Dhanaji Jadhav (1650[1]–1708), Commander-in-chief of Maratha forces under Rajaram and Tarabai, who led the fight against the Mughal Empire.

• Khanderao Dabhade ( –1729), Commander-in-chief who led the Marathas into Gujarat.

• Kanhoji Angre (1669–1729), Maratha Navy chief who was on the side of Maharani Tarabai and was later convinced by Balaji Vishwanath Bhat to come over Shahu's side.

• Mahadaji Shinde (1730–1792), Maratha ruler of the state of Gwalior in central India. De facto ruler of the Mughal empire in 1780s He was the fifth and youngest son of Sardar Ranoji Scindia.

LIST OF IMPORTANT BATTLE OF INDIAN HISTORY FROM 1000AD TO 1857AD

List of important battles fought in India from 1000AD up to 1857 AD.

 

 

 

• Battle of Tarain(First)(1191)

• Second Battle of Tarain(1192)

 

• Battle of Chandawar(1194)

 

• Battle of Panipat(21-April-1526)

 

• Battle of Khanwa(17-March-1527)

 

• Battle of Chanderi(1528)

 

• Battle of Ghagra or Gogara (6-May-1529)

 

• Battle of chausal (7-June-1539)

 

• Battle of Kanauj or Billgram (17-May-1540)

 

• Battle for Delhi (7 October 1556)

 

• Battle of Panipat(5-November-1556)

 

• Battle of Bannihatti or Tallikota(23-January-1565)

 

• Battle of Haldighati(1576)

• First Carnatic War(1745–48)

• Second Carnatic War(1749–54)

 

• Third Carnatic War(1756–63)

 

• Battle of Plassey(June-1757)

British Army under the command of Robert Clive fought with Bengal Nawab Siraz-ud-daula and British won and Mir Jafar was made Nawab. Siraz-ud-daula,while he was unarmed was killed mercilessly by Muhammad Beg,a person who was under his assylum.

Shams-ud-din-Iltutmish

Shams-ud-din Iltutmish(reigned:1211-1236) was successor of Qutb

-ud-din Aibak of Mamluk /Slave dynasty. He was the second ruler of Slave dynasty . He is said to be consolidater and founder of Delhi sultanate India.

 

 


Shams-ud-din-Iltutmish

Shams-ud-din belonged to Ilbari tribe of Turkestan. He was sold into slavery at an early age by his kinsmen to slave merchants. He was taken to a great slave market of  Bukhara and later to Ghazni,which was the Western capital of Ghurid empire of the time, where he was purchased by the court of sultan Mohammad Ghori . Earning some reputation in court, he was made the personal attendant of sultan Muhammad Ghori. The deputy and former slave, Qutub-ud-din-Aybak, then Viceroy of Lahore, sought to procure the slave, but sultan refused to sell his slaves to the nobles, finally it was decided to take Iltutmish to Delhi , and there bought by Aybak, so that sultan's order could  not be violated in his own capital. Aibak bought Iltutmish and another slave for the high price of 100,000 Tankas, the silver coin used in Muslim India. Iltutmish rose quickly in Aibak's service, earned the title Amir Tamghach, married Aibak's daughter, and served in succession as the Governor of Tabarind, Gwalior and Baran. In recognition of his services during the campaign of Muhammad Ghori  against the Khokhars in 1205-06, he was, by the Sultan's order, manumitted.

After the death of Aibak in 1210 while playing Polo match at Lahore, Muizzi amirs, who had been appointed by Muhammad Ghori, supported Aram Shah or Aram Baksh to succeed Aibak,but Qutbi amirs owing alligiance to Aibak invited illtutmish to claim his entitlement to throne. Aram Shah marched towards Delhi but was slain in battle at Bagh-i-Jud  leaving Iltutmish uncontested  in Delhi.

He made Delhi the capital of his empire. He sent expeditions against Rajput's in Ranthambore , Jalar and Mewar. His governing class was entirely of foreign origin ,it consisted of two groups Turkic slave officers and Tazik.He organized iqta's(taxes) ,the army and also the currency. He formed Turkan-i-Chalghani or Chalisa( a group of 40 powerful Turkish nobles)to suppress nobles.  He introduced silver coins"Tankas" and copper coins"jital".He concluded the construction of Qutub  Minar in 1231-1232. He saved Delhi Sultanate from the wrath of Chengiz Khan, a Mongal leader,by refusing shelter to Khawarism Shah,to whom khan was chasing. He patronized Minhaj-us-Siraj,who wrote 'Tabaqat-i-Nasiri'.

 

Qutb-Ud-Din Aibak and the origin of Slave Dynasty

Qutub ud-din Aibak  also known as  Qutb al-din Aibak or Qutub ud Din Aybak (1150-1210),was the founder of Slave/Mamulk Dynasty  of Delhi in India.He was  the founder of Turkic dominion in India.



Qutb-ud-Din Aibak

He was born in Turkistan(Central Asia) in Aybak tribe in 1150A.D. He was captured  in  his childhood by a slave trader and sold  to chief Qazi of Nishapur (a town in Northern Iran). He was treated well by Qazi like his own son. He was well raised  and imparted a proper education. He also mastered archery and Horsemanship in small age. Qazi’s compassion for Aibak was unacceptable to his sons. When his master(Qazi) died his son due to jealousy sold him to a slave trader who  subsequently sold him to The Sultan of Ghor also known as Muhammad Ghori . Gradually  Ghori  started realizing his potential and eventually he was made Amir-i-Akhur(master of stable).He become one of the trusted slaves of  Sultan Mohammad Ghori. He  also proved himself as an able commander and given the rank of military command by Ghori. . The conquest of Northern India were mainly executed by him. After winning second battle of Tarain(1192), Ghori returned to Khorasan and gave the charge of consolidation of Ghurid Conquest in Northwest India to Aibak. He established his hegemony over areas between ri ver Ganga and Yamuna.In 1195-1203A.D,he launched campaigns against strongholds of Rajput’s while his lieutenant Muhammad Bin Bakhtiyar Khilji subjugated Bihar and Bengal.Despite the rebellion’s like Taj-ud-Din Ildiss and Nasir-ud-Din Qubachah , he efficiently managed administrative system  established by Ghori.

 

 Ghori  had no sons so after his assassination In 1206A.D Aibak succeded him. He was still technically a slave but he quickly obtained Manumission(An act of being relieved as a slave) .Aibak spent part of his time in Delhi but he was very fond of Lahore city and did much to beautify it. In 1210 Aibak died in an accident while playing Polo. He fell down from his horse and got severely injured and was never recovered from it. He was buried in Lahore near Anarkali Bazaar.

 

 

 

He started the construction of Quwwat-ul-Islam mosque in Delhi  by breaking the temple made by Prithviraj Chauhan. Certain part of temple was kept intact outside the mosque. He also started the construction of Qutub Minar in memory of sufi saint  Qutubuddin Bakhtiyar Kaki,which he was not able to complete and were later completed by his successor Shamsuddin Iltutmish,another slave hence forth the slave Dynasty. These both were among the earliest Muslim monument in Delhi. He also built Adhai din ka Jhopra in Ajmer.

 

 

 

 



SECOND BATTLE OF TARAIN

Second battle of  Tarain or second battle of Tarori took place  in 1192 at a village named Tarain nearby an ancient place Thanesar ,almost likely 150 miles north of Delhi,India. This Battle was fought between Prithviraj Chauhan an eminent Rajput ruler of his time and Muhammad Ghori also known as Muhammad of Ghor.The battle resulted in dicisive victory of muslim forces over the great  Rajput  confederacy.

After the defeat of Ghori in first battle of Tarain in 1191, Ghori , in order to set out  a revenge from Prithviraj Chauhan and also to fulfill his ambitions of expediting his rulership ,moved with his cavalary for an invasion against Chauhan.He moved towards Bhatinda  once again,where he had  confronted Rjaput soldiers over the past.Learning from his past defeat,he carved out a better Strategical blueprint this time.He revolutionized all of his millitary formations and comprehended all of the millitary tactics used by Rajput's.while reaching Lahore on his way of expedition,he sent an evoy to Prithiviraj Chauhan  and gave him a peremptory order to surrender to his terms. some sources are also indicative of fact that he instructed Prithviraj to convert his religion to Muslim as a pre effective condition to save himself from a relentless and unappeasable destruction. Sensing this maneuver,Chauhan fervently summoned several Rajput ruler to form a confederacy  to resist Ghori. Almost likely 150 Ruput's  joined their hands together.

Jaichand,a ruler of kanuj kingdom of Gahadwala dynasty clan,didn't helped Prathiviraj Chauhan instead he joined hands with Ghori and the reason being,when jaichand become one of the powerful ruler of North India ,he decided to conduct a symbolic sacrifice(Ashvamedha yajna) to declare his supremacy.Prithviraj , a rival king, did not  accept his suzerainity. Jaichand was cousin of Prithviraj,their mothers were sisters belonging from Tomara clan . Jaichand found out that his Daughter samyogita and Prithviraj were in love.so Jaichand insulted Prithviraj by erecting a statue that depicted him as a doorkeeper of his palace. Jaichand also decided to hold Swyamwara (a ritual for a women to choose her husband) for his daughter. But during Swayamwara his daughter placed garland on prithviraj's statue.subsequently,angry Prithviraj raided Jaichand's palace ,and later eloped with  his Daughter Samyogita against his wishes .Thus , Prithviraj and Jaichand become sworn enemies and this enmity concreted furthur with time.so Jaichand confederated with Ghori in battle.

Unlike last time(first battle of tarain) Ghori divided his army into 5 divisions in which one was kept reserved with approximately 12,000 men.According to "Firihista"or "Ferishta"full name Muhammad Qasim Hindu Shah  a Persian historian ,The Rajput Army had over 3000 elephants and about 300,000 infantry and cavalry. According to Minhaj al siraj,full name Abu Osman Minhajuddin bin Sirajuddin,  who was a 13th-century Persian historian,Ghori's army had 120,000 fully armoured man. Ghori knew that Raput's were master of melee war tactics so unlike last time he avoided it,instead 4  divisions of his  army attacked the rear and flank of the rajput's formation .The flank attack was quite appreciably retaliated by Rajput's while 5th division of reserve  12000 men  provocated a feign attack and since they were unused till that point of time,they acted heavily on rajput's ,which scattered them and ultimately became the reason for losing of Rajput's.prithviraj on finding no help from his commanders due to thier engagement in other fronts of battle field, came down from his Elephant and try to escape on a Horse but due to unfortunate turn of events,he was captured and promptly executed.

Post war, Rajput's  political prestige suffered a serious setback.
It led Delhi and Ajmer ruled by Ghori. He left Qutub-ud-din aibak as his commander  of his reign in India.It  paved the way for furthur conquest in India by Muslims.
It reflected the ununifying characters of Indian rulers to the outsiders.
In 1193 Ghori killed Jaichand in chandawar.Between 1192 and 1206,The Turkish rule had extended over to the Gangetic plains of Bihar and Bengal.This timline is also said to be the establishment of first Muslim empire in India.

 

FIRST BATTLE OF TARAIN.

                       FIRST BATTLE OF TARAIN

 

1st Battle of Tarain , also known as 1st Battle of Tarori,a place 15 km from ancient place Thanesar in present day Haryana,approximately  150 kilometeres in north of Delhi,India.

This battle was fought between the Rajput king Prithviraj Chauhan and Mohhammad Ghori of Ghurid empire.This battle has a great significance in Indian history.

Muhammad Ghori also known as Mu'izz ad-din Muhammad Ghori or Muhammad  Shahabuddin Ghori or muhammad of Ghor born in 1149 in Ghor province,Afghanistan,was a brother of the Sultan of the Ghurid Empire  Ghiyathad-din muhammad who ruled from 1173 to 1202 .Ghori became the absolute supreme leader of Ghurid empire in  1202 till 1206.

Prithviraj chauhan or prithviraj the third or Rai Pithora in folk legends was a Rajput king from Chauhan or Chahmana dynesty.

Muhammad Ghori under the name of his brother Ghiyathad-din Muhammad as his ruler,entered India in 1175 CE to expand his territory and fulfill his ambitions.

He advanced to Gujrat in 1178.In 1175 He attacked Multan,defeated ruling Muslim Heretics and succeded Multan.He captured Uch in upper Sindh and  built a fort there,later he was succesful in capturing lower Sindh too.He advanced furthur by seizing Peshawar and Lahore.He was also successful in ending the rule of  Ghaznavids with the Help of ruler of Jammu and Kashmir.He furthur moved towards the border of Prithviraj Chauhan's kingdom in 1191.He attacked Sirhind of Bhatinda on Northwestern frontier of Chauhan kingdom.To stop him from furthur expedition,Prithviraj along with his army led by Govinda Raj(his brother) rushed to defend the frontier and two armies finally confronted each other at Tarain or Tarori.Muhammad Ghori followed the tactics of right, left and centre dividation of armies,while he was at the centre leading.Rajput army attacked from either side causing a chaos in Ghori's army. Rajput armies first defeated the two wings of the Muslim army.The Muslim army fled while Muhammad still remained in the center with the rest of the Turk soldiers.It was then Govind Raj and Muhammad of Ghor came face to face. The two were injured with repeated clashes. Ghori attacked Govind Raj with a spear or sword on his jaws leading to breaking of his teeths,in return,Govind Raj hurled lance causing severe injury on his arm and a lot of blood loss.

There are three conceptions. First,Ghori was fainted due to blood loss and a  Khilji soldier rescued him back .

Second,Ghori was fainted on seeing his commanders died,and rescued by a soldier. 

Third,Ghori was captured and made prisoner and later pardoned by Prithviraj Chauhan.

Ghori felt utterly humiliated with his defeat and set out for a revenge.

Muhammad returned to his capital at Ghazni and the following year challenged Prithviraj once again in the Second Battle of Tarain.

 

.

10 interesting facts about indian constitution

1. The Indian Constitution is the longest in the world with 448 articles,12 schedules and 98 amendments while the american constitution is the smallest one.

 

2. The constitution of India was niether typed nor printed.it was hand written and calligraphed both in Hindi and English..The orignal copies are kept safely inside helium -filled cases in the library of the parliament of India.

 

3.Formation of constitution took 2 years 11 months and 17 days with constituent assembly consisting of 284 members out of which 15 were women.

 

4. Our Leaders Gave the best speculation from the constitutions around the world and come with with a effective,collabrative points which would  result in best like the The concept of Liberty, Equality and Fraternity is from the French constitution,Supreme Court’s functioning from Japan,the Five-Year Plans from the USSR constitution and the socio-economic aspects from the Irish one.

 

5.B.R Amdedkar was the Chief Architect of the Constitution.he played most important part in forming constitution which covered a wide range of gaurantees,protection and civil rights including freedom of relegion abolition of all type of discrimination.

 

6.Fundamental Rights :Under its Part IIIC (Articles 12-35), the Constitution of India grants and guarantees Fundamental Rights to its citizens. Initially, 7 Fundamental Rights were granted but after the deletion of the Right to Property from the list of Fundamental Rights (44th Amendment Act 1979) their number came down to six. i) Right to Equality ii) Right to Freedom iii) Right against Exploitation iv) Right to Freedom of Religion v) Cultural and Educational Right vi) Right to Constitutional Remedies.

 

7.Article 370: It provides the state of Jammu and Kashmir to enjoy special autonomous powers on all matters except for the matters on national importance such as Communications, Defence, Finance, and Foreign Affairs! J & K has its own constitution.

 

8.Some important articles are-

     Article 14 Equality before law

    Article 24 Prohibition of employment of children in factories

    Article 19 Right to freedom of speech and expression.

    Right to assemble peacefully and without arms.

   Right to form associations or unions.

    Right to move freely throughout the territory of India.

   Article 26 Freedom to manage religious affairs.

   Article 21 Protection of life and personal liberty

   Article 31A Equal justice and free legal aid

    Article 45 Provision for free and compulsory education for children.

 

9.The Constitution of India was adopted on 26th November, 1949 and the honorable members appended their signatures to it on 24th January 1950. All the 284 members who were the part of committee actually signed the Constitution. Rajendra Prasad had been elected unopposed as India's first President, but Nehru was the first to sign the constitution and Prasad was the last member to sign. But, rather than signing behind the last signatory, he inserted his name in the small space between the last line of the text and Nehru's signature. He has also signed in two languages, first in Devnagari and then in the Roman script while most others have signed in English.

 

10.In October Prime Minister Narendra Modi while laying the foundation stone of Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Memorial in Mumbai, announced that November 26 will be observed as Constitution Day. On this day in 1949 the Constitution was adopted, which later came into force on 26th January 1950 and has marked a new era in the history of India.